為了製作陰影映射 (Shadow mapping)，先來一個紋理投影 (Projective texture)。
製作紋理投影的關鍵是紋理投影矩陣，是它把物體的世界座標轉換成投影空間的紋理座標；以下是 OpenGL fixed pipeline 的實作：
// The following code assums you have already applied the camera's view matrix
// to the model-view matrix stack
setupViewMatrix();
// Use another texture unit to avoid conflit with the color texture of the model
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
// You can choose between GL_MODULATE and GL_ADD
glTexEnvi(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_ADD);
// Matrix44 is just a simple matrix 4x4 class, but remember opengl use column major layout
// The bias matrix is to map from clip space [-1, 1] to texture space [0, 1]
Matrix44 biasMatrix = Matrix44(
0.5f, 0, 0, 0.5f,
0, 0.5f, 0, 0.5f,
0, 0, 0.5f, 0.5f,
0, 0, 0, 1.0f);
Matrix44 projectorProjection, projectorView;
// Setup projectorProjection and projectorView according to
// how you want the texture to be projected on the scene
// ...
Matrix44 textureMatrix = biasMatrix * projectorProjection * projectorView;
// Preform a transpose so that we get the rows of the matrix rather than columns
textureMatrix = textureMatrix.transpose();
// A post-multiply by the inverse of the CURRENT modelview matrix is applied
// by opengl automatically to the eye plane equations we provide.
// Therefor, it is important to enable these texture coordinate generation
// before appling any model-world matrix transform
glTexGenfv(GL_S, GL_EYE_PLANE, textureMatrix[0]); // Row 0
glTexGenfv(GL_T, GL_EYE_PLANE, textureMatrix[1]); // Row 1
glTexGenfv(GL_R, GL_EYE_PLANE, textureMatrix[2]); // Row 2
glTexGenfv(GL_Q, GL_EYE_PLANE, textureMatrix[3]); // Row 3
glTexGeni(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_EYE_LINEAR);
glTexGeni(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_EYE_LINEAR);
glTexGeni(GL_R, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_EYE_LINEAR);
glTexGeni(GL_Q, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_EYE_LINEAR);
// Enable automatic texture coordinate generation
// Note that the R and Q component may not be used in simple projective texture
// but they are needed for shadow mapping
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_R);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_Q);
// Bind the projector's texture
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureHandle);
// You may move the clamp setting to where you initialize the texture
// rather than setting up every frame
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP);
// Set the active texture back to the model's color texture
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
// For each model:
// Apply any world transform for your model
// Draw the model
// End
當我試圖把上述的
編碼轉移到 glsl，我遇到了一個沒有多被紋理投影項目中詳述的問題，那就是如何在 glsl 裡得到物體的世界座標。這個問題沒有在 fixed pipeline 中出現是因為早於應用物體 - 世界矩陣 (Model-world matrix) 之前，那紋理投影矩陣已計算恰當。縱然 glsl (其實是整個 OpenGL) 沒有單獨的物體 - 世界矩陣可供查詢，我們可以把攝像機的視圖
逆矩陣乘以 gl_ModelViewMatrix 求出物體 - 世界矩陣。
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
Matrix44 biasMatrix = Matrix44(
0.5f, 0, 0, 0.5f,
0, 0.5f, 0, 0.5f,
0, 0, 0.5f, 0.5f,
0, 0, 0, 1.0f);
// We need the camera's view matrix inverse in order to obtain the model-world
// transform in glsl
Matrix44 projectorProjection, projectorView, cameraView;
// Setup projectorProjection, projectorView and cameraView
// ...
Matrix44 textureMatrix =
biasMatrix * projectorProjection * projectorView * cameraView.inverse();
// Set up the texture matrix
glMatrixMode(GL_TEXTURE);
glLoadMatrixf(textureMatrix.getPtr());
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureHandle);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
// For each model:
// Apply any world transform for your model
// Draw the model
// End
// Vertex shader:
varying vec3 normal, lightDir, halfVector;
varying vec2 colorCoord;
varying vec4 projectiveCoord;
void main(void)
{
gl_Position = ftransform();
normal = gl_NormalMatrix * gl_Normal;
lightDir = normalize(gl_LightSource[0].position.xyz);
halfVector = normalize(gl_LightSource[0].halfVector.xyz);
colorCoord = gl_MultiTexCoord0.xy;
// gl_TextureMatrix[1] should contains the inverse of the view matrix,
// resulting a model matrix when combining with gl_ModelViewMatrix
projectiveCoord = gl_TextureMatrix[1] * gl_ModelViewMatrix * gl_Vertex;
}
// Pixel shader:
varying vec3 normal, lightDir, halfVector;
varying vec2 colorCoord;
varying vec4 projectiveCoord;
uniform sampler2D colorTex;
uniform sampler2D projectiveTex;
void main(void)
{
vec4 diffuse = gl_FrontLightProduct[0].diffuse;
vec4 specular = gl_FrontLightProduct[0].specular;
vec4 ambient = gl_FrontLightProduct[0].ambient;
vec3 n = normalize(normal);
float NdotL = max(dot(n, lightDir), 0.0);
diffuse *= NdotL;
vec3 halfV = normalize(halfVector);
float NdotHV = max(dot(n, halfV), 0.0);
specular *= pow(NdotHV, gl_FrontMaterial.shininess);
gl_FragData[0] = specular + (ambient + diffuse) * vec4(texture2D(colorTex, colorCoord).xyz, 1);
// Apply the projective texture
gl_FragData[0] += texture2DProj(projectiveTex, projectiveCoord);
}
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