Restrict 指針

一般時候我們的編譯器都不知道兩個指針所指的位置是否相同或者有所重疊，大大降低了它的優化效果。就拿 Matrix3 * Vector3 為例：

void Matrix::MulVector(const Vec3& v, Vec3& result) {
 result.x = m00 * v.x + m01 * v.y + m02 * v.z;
 result.y = m10 * v.x + m11 * v.y + m12 * v.z;
 result.z = m20 * v.x + m21 * v.y + m22 * v.z;
}

很簡單的三行代碼，然而它隱藏了一個效能上的問題。堂 result 被賦予了新的值後，編譯器認為 v 的值也可能被更改了 (v 和 result 也是 reference，pointer 的一類)。因此原本可以留在 register 裡的 v.x, v.y 和 v.z 被迫從新由記憶體裡閱讀回來。看看VC2008 編譯成的機器碼吧：

result.x = m00 * v.x + m01 * v.y + m02 * v.z;
mov         eax,dword ptr [esp+4]
movss       xmm0,dword ptr [ecx+8]
mulss       xmm0,dword ptr [eax+8]
movss       xmm1,dword ptr [ecx+4]
mulss       xmm1,dword ptr [eax+4]
mov         edx,dword ptr [esp+8]
addss       xmm0,xmm1
movss       xmm1,dword ptr [eax]
mulss       xmm1,dword ptr [ecx]
addss       xmm0,xmm1
movss       dword ptr [edx],xmm0

result.y = m10 * v.x + m11 * v.y + m12 * v.z;
movss       xmm0,dword ptr [ecx+0Ch]
mulss       xmm0,dword ptr [eax]
movss       xmm1,dword ptr [ecx+14h]
mulss       xmm1,dword ptr [eax+8]
addss       xmm0,xmm1
movss       xmm1,dword ptr [ecx+10h]
mulss       xmm1,dword ptr [eax+4]
addss       xmm0,xmm1
movss       dword ptr [edx+4],xmm0

result.z = m20 * v.x + m21 * v.y + m22 * v.z;
movss       xmm0,dword ptr [ecx+18h]
mulss       xmm0,dword ptr [eax]
movss       xmm1,dword ptr [ecx+20h]
mulss       xmm1,dword ptr [eax+8]
addss       xmm0,xmm1
movss       xmm1,dword ptr [ecx+1Ch]
mulss       xmm1,dword ptr [eax+4]
addss       xmm0,xmm1
movss       dword ptr [edx+8],xmm0

這時候使用 restrict 就可幫上編譯器把。請注意，VC2008 的 __restrict 只對指針生效：

void Matrix::MulVector(const Vec3& v_, Vec3& result_) {
 const Vec3* __restrict v = &v_;
 Vec3* __restrict ret = &result_;
 result->x = m00 * v->x + m01 * v->y + m02 * v->z;
 result->y = m10 * v->x + m11 * v->y + m12 * v->z;
 result->z = m20 * v->x + m21 * v->y + m22 * v->z;
}

從新編譯後的機器碼：

result->x = m00 * v->x + m01 * v->y + m02 * v->z;
mov         eax,dword ptr [esp+4]
movss       xmm1,dword ptr [eax+4]
movss       xmm0,dword ptr [eax+8]
movss       xmm2,dword ptr [eax]
movss       xmm3,dword ptr [ecx+4]
movss       xmm4,dword ptr [ecx+8]
mov         eax,dword ptr [esp+8]
mulss       xmm3,xmm1
mulss       xmm4,xmm0
addss       xmm3,xmm4
movaps      xmm4,xmm2
mulss       xmm4,dword ptr [ecx]
addss       xmm3,xmm4

result->y = m10 * v->x + m11 * v->y + m12 * v->z;
movss       xmm4,dword ptr [ecx+10h]
movss       dword ptr [eax],xmm3
movss       xmm3,dword ptr [ecx+0Ch]
mulss       xmm3,xmm2
mulss       xmm4,xmm1
addss       xmm3,xmm4
movss       xmm4,dword ptr [ecx+14h]
mulss       xmm4,xmm0
addss       xmm3,xmm4
movss       dword ptr [eax+4],xmm3

result->z = m20 * v->x + m21 * v->y + m22 * v->z;
movss       xmm3,dword ptr [ecx+18h]
mulss       xmm3,xmm2
movss       xmm2,dword ptr [ecx+1Ch]
mulss       xmm2,xmm1
movss       xmm1,dword ptr [ecx+20h]
addss       xmm3,xmm2
mulss       xmm1,xmm0
addss       xmm3,xmm1
movss       dword ptr [eax+8],xmm3

可以看到記憶體閱讀操作減少了。

到最後，其實使用局部變量也可達到類似效果：

void Matrix::MulVector(const Vec3& v, Vec3& result) {
 const float x = v.x;
 const float y = v.y;
 const float z = v.z;

 result.x = m00 * x + m01 * y + m02 * z;
 result.y = m10 * x + m11 * y + m12 * z;
 result.z = m20 * x + m21 * y + m22 * z;
}